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In economics, shadow work refers to unpaid labor in the form of self service. The term was first used by Ivan Illich, in his 1981 book〔Illich, Ivan. ''Shadow Work.'' Salem, New Hampshire and London: Marion Boyars, 1981.〕 of the same title. An example would be self checkout at a supermarket. Craig Lambert, a former editor of Harvard Magazine wrote about the new trend towards unpaid "shadow work in 2011 and followed up his research in a book called ''Shadow Work: The Unpaid, Unseen Jobs That Fill Your Day'' in 2015. In it, he itemizes many of the unpaid tasks ordinary people do now that others used to do, such as pump gasoline, bag groceries, make travel arrangements, and check baggage at the airport. He includes the rise of technology and robotics as forces leading to the growth of shadow work, and also includes such factors as crowdsourcing, parental over-engagement in their children's' lives. He argues that downloading of tasks to consumers takes away from their time and reduces the amount of casual social interaction in peoples' lives. It also limits the number of opportunities for low skilled entry level work (such as pumping gas). ==See also== *Carr–Benkler wager *Internship *Self-service 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shadow work」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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